APIA - Britain's King Charles faced calls to reckon with his country's colonial past as a summit of Commonwealth allies turned into a factious debate about the legacy of slavery and empire.
Leaders from the 56-nation Commonwealth -- made up mostly of British ex-colonies -- gathered for a summit in Samoa, hoping to prove the bloc is still relevant.
But instead of uniting to tackle pressing issues like climate change, Charles III's maiden summit as king has been overshadowed by history.
Many African, Caribbean and Pacific nations want to see Britain -- and other European powers -- pay financial compensation for slavery, or to at least make political amends.
They want this summit in particular to commit to a discussion on the topic of reparatory justice -- a debate Britain's cash-strapped government has tried to stymie.
The Bahamas' Prime Minister Philip Davis told AFP that a debate about the past was vital.
"The time has come to have a real dialogue about how we address these historical wrongs," he said.
"Reparatory justice is not an easy conversation, but it's an important one," Davis added.
"The horrors of slavery left a deep, generational wound in our communities, and the fight for justice and reparatory justice is far from over".
The British royal family, which benefited from the slave trade over centuries, has also faced calls to apologise.
But the monarch stopped well short of that on Friday, asking summit attendees to "reject the language of division".
"I understand, from listening to people across the Commonwealth, how the most painful aspects of our past continue to resonate," he said.
"None of us can change the past. But we can commit, with all our hearts to learning its lessons and to finding creative ways to right inequalities that endure."
- 'Honesty and integrity' -
UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has publicly rejected calls to pay reparations, and aides have ruled out an apology at the summit.
A draft summit communique calling for debate on colonialism is the subject of fierce negotiations.
One diplomatic source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, told AFP that developed countries were trying to water down the language in the final communique.
"The call for reparations isn't simply about financial compensation; it's about recognising the enduring impact of centuries of exploitation and ensuring that the legacy of slavery is addressed with honesty and integrity," Davis insisted.
Joshua Setipa from Lesotho -- who is one of three candidates vying to be the next Commonwealth's secretary-general -- said reparations could include non-traditional forms of payment such as climate financing.
"We can find a solution that will begin to address some injustices of the past and put them in the context happening around us today," he told AFP ahead of the summit.
Kingsley Abbott, Director of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies at the University of London said the apparent inclusion of the text on reparatory justice was a "significant advancement" for the Commonwealth.
He told AFP it "reveals the door to meaningful dialogue is opening".
The British monarch is concluding an 11-day tour of Australia and Samoa, both independent Commonwealth states -- the first major foreign trip since his cancer diagnosis earlier this year.
- by Laura Chung