JOHANNESBURG - Cervical cancer is still a significant health concern globally, as highlighted by the World Health Organization (WHO).
In 2022, approximately 660,000 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed, making it the fourth most common cancer among women. Around 94% of the estimated 350,000 deaths attributable to this form of cancer occurred in low-and middle-income countries.
According to the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA), nearly all cases of cervical cancer are linked to infections from the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The association says HPV is a common virus transmitted through skin-to-skin contact and sexual intercourse. According to the WHO, human papillomavirus, belongs to a group of 200 viruses and can lead to the development of genital warts or cancer.
According to CANSA Service Specialist, Olivia Curlewis, unprotected sex is one of the leading causes of cervical cancer since the human papillomavirus, which causes the disease, can be spread from person to person.
“Abnormal bleeding, heavy menstruation or bleeding after sexual intercourse as well as pain in the lower back and abdomen are symptoms of cervical cancer,” Curlewis said.
According to the WHO, women should consult a healthcare provider if they experience an increase in vaginal discharge or if it is foul-smelling.
Several risk factors may increase a person's chances of developing cervical cancer:
Family History: A genetic predisposition exists for individuals with close biological family members (parents, siblings, or grandparents) who have had cancer.
Malnutrition: Diets high in fat or sugar and a lack of physical activity can increase susceptibility to cancer and other diseases.
Hormone Therapy: Individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) who undergo hormone replacement therapy may have a heightened risk for breast and uterine cancers.
Different Treatment Options
According to the WHO, cervical cancer treatment varies depending on the stage of the disease and includes:
Surgery: This option aims to remove cancerous tumours that have not spread.
Chemotherapy: Uses powerful drugs, administered in pill form or intravenously, to destroy cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: High doses of radiation are used to kill cancer cells.
Early detection is vital in successfully treating cervical cancer.
According to CANSA a Pap Smear test is a reliable method for early identification of cervical cancer, as it involves a swab of cervical cells.
By Tshenolo Khaile